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The ZX8. 1 found commercial success in many other countries, notably the United States, where it was initially sold as the ZX 8. Timex manufactured and distributed it under licence and enjoyed a substantial but brief boom in sales. Timex later produced its own versions of the ZX8. US market the Timex Sinclair 1. Timex Sinclair 1. Unauthorised clones of the ZX8. The ZX8. 1 was designed to be small, simple, and above all cheap, using as few components as possible to keep the cost down. Video output was to a television set rather than a dedicated monitor. Programs and data were loaded and saved onto audio tape cassettes. It had only four silicon chips on board and a mere 1 KB of memory. The machine had no power switch or any moving parts with the exception of a VHF TV channel selector switch present on early ZX8. USA models and the Timex Sinclair 1. The ZX8. 1s limitations prompted the emergence of a flourishing market in third party peripherals to improve its capabilities. Such limitations, however, achieved Sinclairs objective of keeping the cost of the machine as low as possible. Its distinctive case and keyboard brought its designer, Rick Dickinson, a Design Council award. The ZX8. 1 could be bought by mail order in kit form or pre assembled. In what was then a major innovation, it was the first cheap mass market home computer that could be bought from high street stores, led by W. H. Smith and soon many other retailers. The ZX8. 1 marked the first time that computing in Britain became an activity for the general public, rather than the preserve of businesspeople and electronics hobbyists. It inspired the creation of a huge community of enthusiasts, some of whom founded their own businesses producing software and hardware for the ZX8. Many went on to play a major role in the British computer industry in later years. The ZX8. 1s commercial success made Sinclair Research one of Britains leading computer manufacturers and earned a fortune and an eventual knighthood for the companys founder, Sir Clive Sinclair. Featuresedit. Sinclair ZX8. PCB Revision 3 keyboard. The ZX8. 1 has a base configuration of 1 KB of on board memory that can officially be expanded externally to 1. KB. Its single circuit board is housed inside a wedge shaped plastic case measuring 1. The memory is provided by either a single 4. RAM chips. There are only three other onboard chips a 3. MHz Z8. 0A8 bitmicroprocessor from NEC, an uncommitted logic array ULA chip from Ferranti, and an 8 KB ROM providing a simple BASIC interpreter. The entire machine weighs just 3. Early versions of the external RAM cartridge contain 1. KB of memory using an assortment of memory chips, while later versions contain 1. KB of chips, but the lowest addressed kilobyte is disabled. The front part of the case is occupied by an integrated 4. Each key has up to five functions, accessed via the SHIFT and FUNCTION keys or depending on context. For example, the P key combines the letter P, the character, and the BASIC commands PRINT and TAB. The ZX8. 1 uses a standard QWERTYkeyboard layout. The keyboard is mechanically very simple, consisting of 4. The ZX8. 1s primary inputoutput is delivered via four sockets on the left side of the case. The machine uses an ordinary UHF television set to deliver a monochrome picture via a built in RF modulator. It can display 2. BASIC using the PLOT and UNPLOT commands, leaving 2 lines free at the bottom. Two 3. 5 mm jacks connect the ZX8. EAR output and MIC input sockets of an audio cassette recorder, enabling data to be saved or loaded. This stores each data bit as a number of pulses, with each pulse being a 1. A 0 bit consists of four pulses and a 1 bit of nine pulses. The baud rate therefore varies between 4. Afile with equal amounts of 0s and 1s would be stored at 3. This provides a somewhat temperamental storage medium for the machine, which has no built in storage capabilities. The ZX8. 1 requires 4. A of power at 71. VDC, delivered via a custom 9 V Sinclair DC power supply. The ULA chip, described by the ZX8. These comprise the following Synchronising the screen display Generating a 6. MHz clock, from which a 3. MHz clock is derived for the processor Outputting an audio signal to a cassette recorder in SAVE mode Processing the incoming cassette audio signal in LOAD mode Sensing keystrokes Using memory addresses provided by the CPU to decide when ROM and RAM should be active Controlling general system timing. The ZX8. 1s built in RF modulator can output a video picture to either a UHF 6. UK, Australia, and most western European countries. France required a slightly modified version of the machine to match the positive video modulation of SECAM sets, while the USA and Canada required a different ULA chip and modulator to cope with their 5. VHF NTSC television systems. Both the ZX8. 1 and its predecessor, the ZX8. Neither machine has enough processing power to run at full speed and simultaneously maintain the screen display. On the ZX8. 0, this means that the screen goes blank every time the machine carries out a computation and causes an irritating flicker whenever a shorter computation such as processing a keystroke takes place. Left side and rear views of the ZX8. TV, EAR, MIC and the 9 V DC power socket. The ZX8. 1s designers adopted an improved approach, involving the use of two modes called SLOW and FAST respectively. In SLOW mode, also called compute and display mode, the ZX8. It runs the current program for only about a quarter of the time in effect slowing the machine down fourfold, although in practice the speed difference between FAST and SLOW modes depends on what computation is being done. In FAST mode, processing occurs continuously, but the display is abandoned to its own devices equivalent to the ZX8. Another hardware quirk produced one of the most distinctive aspects of the ZX8. The same pin on the ULA is used to handle the video signal and the tape output, producing the stripes as an interference pattern of sorts. The ULA cannot maintain the display during SAVE and LOAD operations, as it has to operate continuously to maintain the correct baud rate for data transfers. The interference produces the zigzag stripes. The unexpanded ZX8. Simply displaying a full screen takes up to 7. Nonetheless, ingenious programmers are able to achieve a surprising amount with just 1 KB. One notable example is 1. K ZX Chess by David Horne, which manages to include most of the rules of chess into only 6. The ZX8. 1 conserves its memory to a certain extent by representing entire BASIC commands as one byte tokens, stored as individual characters in the upper reaches of the machines unique non ASCII character set. The edge connector or external interface at the rear of the ZX8. This provides a set of address, control, and data lines that can be used to communicate with external devices. Enthusiasts and a variety of third party companies make use of this facility to create a wide range of add ons for the ZX8. Data Precision 3500 Manual Arts here. Comparisons between ZX8. The following table provides a comparison between the capabilities of the ZX8. ZX8. 1s launch. The prices given are as of December 1.